Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a viral infection. There are five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These five types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.

Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child.

Symptoms

Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Preventing hepatitis

How to prevent hepatitis A and E

Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you're unsure of local sanitation

Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned/disinfected thoroughly

Get a vaccine for hepatitis A if you travel to places where hepatitis may be endemic.

How to prevent hepatitis B and D

Only use clean syringes

Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments

Have a hepatitis B series of shots if you are at risk

Only allow well sterilized skin perforating equipment (tattoo, acupuncture, etc.).

How to prevent hepatitis C

If you are infected cover open wounds

Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment

Go easy on the alcohol.